BLEEDING DURING MENOPAUSE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Keywords:
Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), Menopause, Hormonal imbalance, Estrogen decline, Endometrial atrophy, Endometrial hyperplasia, Chronic stress, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, Endometrial cancer, Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Endometrial polyps, Stress and menopause, Gynecological malignancies, Transvaginal ultrasound, Endometrial biopsy, Menopausal symptoms, Cortisol and menopause, Stress management, Lifestyle modifications, Early diagnosis, Menopause and mental health, Endometrial health, Postmenopausal women, Gynecological health, Menopause-related bleedingAbstract
Bleeding during menopause, also known as postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), is a significant clinical symptom that requires thorough evaluation. This article explores the causes and consequences of PMB, focusing on hormonal imbalances and stress-related factors. Hormonal changes, particularly the decline in estrogen levels, play a central role in the etiology of PMB, while chronic stress may exacerbate these changes through its impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The consequences of untreated PMB can range from benign conditions, such as endometrial atrophy, to life-threatening malignancies like endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.
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